How to Use the PHP Is_Numeric() Function

The is_numeric() function in the  PHP programming language is used to evaluate whether a value is a number or numeric string. Numeric strings contain any number of digits, optional signs such as or -, an optional decimal, and an optional exponential. Therefore, 234.5e6 is a valid numeric string. Binary notation and hexadecimal notation are not allowed.   The  is_numeric()  function can be used within an if() statement to treat numbers in one way and non-numbers in another. It returns true or false. Examples of the Is_Numeric() Function For example: ?php if (is_numeric(887)) { echo Yes; } else { echo No; } ? Because 887 is a number, this echos Yes. However: ?php if (is_numeric(cake)) { echo Yes; } else { echo No; } ? Because cake is not a number, this echos No. Similar Functions A similar function, ctype-digit(), also checks for numeric characters, but only for digits—no optional signs, decimals, or exponents allowed. Every character in the string text must be a decimal digit for the return to be true. Otherwise, the function  returns false. Other similar functions include: is_null() – Finds whether a variable is NULLis_float() – Finds whether the type of a variable is floatis_int() – Find whether the type of a variable is integeris_string() – Find whether the type of a variable is stringis_object() – Finds whether a variable is an objectis_array() – Finds whether a variable is an arrayis_bool()  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Finds out whether a variable is a boolean About PHP PHP is an abbreviation for Hypertext Preprocessor. It is an open-source HTML-friendly scripting language that is  used by website owners to write dynamically generated pages. The code is executed on the server and generates HTML, which is then sent to the client. PHP is a popular server-side language that can be deployed on almost every operating system and platform.

Should Tobacco Advertising Be Banned Essay - 897 Words

In recent year, non-governmental organization and other associations have been putting pressure on the government to ban cigarette production but these products contribution of these products to the national GDP cannot be neglected. As a result, of the huge sum, the government gets from these companies in the form of taxes it extremely difficult for the government ban the production of cigarettes but have instead resorted to banning advertisements of these products. Is the government doing enough as it claims it is doing to protect it population from a product whose effect go beyond harming secondary smokers as well? Giving the health hazard that arises from tobacco, I am of the opinion that tobacco advertising be ban completely in Indian. Ethics is a system of moral principles governing the appropriate conduct of a person or a group. It is a way of being human and having a feeling of compassion, sympathy or regard for others the way we have for ourselves. There is this famous saying of Abraham Lincoln â€Å"When I do good, I feel good; when I do bad, I feel bad. That’s my religion.† Managers of tobacco companies cannot pretend they do not know that tobacco is dangerous for our health. Ethics is fundamental in any profession and is an integral part of any successful business today. If in our subconscious mind we are not comfortable it mean the consequences of our action are unethical: then we are doing bad business. . Albert Schweitzer says, â€Å"Ethics is the activity of manShow MoreRelatedShould Tobacco Advertising Be Banned?897 Words   |  4 Pageshealth hazard that arises f rom tobacco, I am of the opinion that tobacco advertising be ban completely in Indian. Ethics is a system of moral principles governing the appropriate conduct of a person or a group. It is a way of being human and having a feeling of compassion, sympathy or regard for others the way we have for ourselves. There is this famous saying of Abraham Lincoln â€Å"When I do good, I feel good; when I do bad, I feel bad. That’s my religion.† Managers of tobacco companies cannot pretend theyRead MoreBAN ON TOBACCO ADVERTISEMENT IN INDIA800 Words   |  4 PagesBAN ON TOBACCO ADVERTISEMENT IN INDIA In 2004 the government of India banned tobacco companies from advertising their products and sponsoring sports and cultural events. The objective was to discourage adolescents from consuming tobacco products as well as empower the government with the power to launch an anti tobacco program. . This issue created a serious problem in that it was both ethical and commercial, the government on one hand, believe it was its responsibility to protect the welfare ofRead MoreEthical Considerations : Ban Tobacco985 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Considerations: On the one hand, was tobacco, the most dangerous consumer product known, which killed when used as the makers intended. Just like most dangerous substances like cocaine were banned so from the ethical point of view it was not alien for the government of India to ban tobacco. Therefore from an ethical standpoint, the Government had to discourage the habit, as it was responsible for the welfare of its citizens. In view of international precedents and statistics the ban wasRead MoreBan Banning Should Not Be Banned981 Words   |  4 Pagesthat should not only be avoided, but also banned. In India specifically, a country that is renowned for its high use of tobacco production and use, the idea of smoking has become a national crisis. With tobacco companies trying to push for freedom of speech† with advertisements, and the government attempting to assume a sense of responsibility, it seems almost impossible to find a solution that can encompass all perspectives. Pro-banning arguments Many feel that the Indian government should be allowedRead MoreHow Tobacco Advertising Influences Young People.1447 Words   |  6 PagesHow Tobacco Advertising Influences Young People. At the age of fourteen, I had my first puff of smoke. Even before that I knew a lot of cigarette brands due to advertising. Since then I started smoking and when I went to cafeterias and clubs the people who were promoting cigarettes would offer me a new brand to try and gave me free packs of cigarettes and a lighter with their brand. They didn’t mind how old I was, they just wanted to give them away and promote their product. But except thisRead MoreBanning Tobacco Advertising Ban On The Public Health Of Their People976 Words   |  4 PagesIn February 6, 2001, the Government of India announce their plan to soon pass a bill banning Tobacco companies from displaying any source of advertising or sponsoring any public events. The advertising ban took effect from May 1, 2004. In October 2, 2005, the Government of India prohibited any new programs or movies from showing any actors or actresses smoking as it glorifies smoking and sends a bad message to its viewers. According to a CNN article written by Leo Juarez, some actors seem to supportRead MoreAdvertisements For Smoking Should Be Banned Essay974 Words   |  4 PagesAdvertisements For Smoking Should Be Banned. Advertisements involving smoking should be prohibited. Kids and teens that are the most impressionable and easily influenced. Cigarette promotions make smoking appear harmless and cool and have led to many kids under the age of 18 to have smoked for years. The advertisements on quitting smoking and how bad they are for you may be effective for older viewers, however many teens and kids are drawn to cigarettes even more because adults are saying it isRead MoreAdvertisements For Smoking Should Be Banned975 Words   |  4 PagesAdvertisements For Smoking Should Be Banned. Advertisements involving smoking should be prohibited. Kids and teens that are the most impressionable and easily influenced. Cigarette promotions make smoking appear harmless and cool and have led to many kids under the age of 18 to have smoked for years. The advertisements on quitting smoking and how bad they are for you may be effective for older viewers however many teens and kids are drawn to cigarettes even more because adults are saying it is badRead MoreEssay On Cigarettes Should Be Banned707 Words   |  3 PagesChoosing to light another cigarette is choosing to commit another murder and taking another stab at your lungs. Smoking is the cause of one in five deaths each year in the United States alone. Since cigarettes can be considered a mass murder, they should be banned. They are dangerous to smokers and everybody around them, and that makes them vulnerable to secondhand smoke. Smokers are more prone to have high cholesterol due to damaged blood vessel walls and abnormal heart rhythms. They also lead to plaqueRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Indian Government959 Words   |  4 PagesTobacco Advertising was the hot topic it was in the late 90 s and early 2000 s, but it is still something we should strive to understand and functionally work with. The European Union and the United States have banned advertisements from television, while only the United States has banned tobacco advertising for sporting events. The Indian government had enacted an initiative to ban tobacco advertising in sporting events in 2001 to help curb the appeal of tobacco use in minors. The ethical

Allegories in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Free Essays

Allegories in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde The novel The Strange Case of Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on Allegories in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jekyll and Mr. Hyde has many allegories within. An allegory is a symbol with a deeper meaning. In The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, there are many allegories. First, there is the religious allegory of the devil and the lower self as well as the â€Å"hiding† aspect of Hyde. Hyde is also an allegory of human character in general. The city of London, and all of its descriptions written by Robert Lewis Stevenson, is filled with allegories. First, Hyde is a complex allegory because it is arguable what exactly Hyde is supposed to represent. Hyde could be an allegory of the devil himself. Hyde could be a demon inside of Jekyll, sort of like in the Exorcist, that needs to come out but eventually become uncontrollable. Although Dr. Jekyll is described as a nice man who has many friends, but he losses them all when he drinks the potion to become Hyde. Hyde could just be an allegory for a literal part of Dr. Jekyll, which is Stevenson’s statement of saying that every person holds a â€Å"lower self,† that just wait for an opportunity to reveal evil. Also one of the most famous quotes from The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, is â€Å"If he shall be Mr. Hide than I shall be Mr. Seek. † This could also mean that Hyde is just a part of Jekyll’s soul that literally hides within. Lastly, Hyde could be an allegory of human character itself. Hyde could be an allegory of the capability that everyone has within. However some people never reveal this capability, but for others, like drug users, it is easier for the evilness to come out. London is also an allegory. Mr. Hyde lives in SoHo, which is described as dark, dingy, and filled with the filth of London, which is why it makes sense that Hyde lives there of all places. SoHo is supposed to represent the capability of evil, and where it is grown. In Victorian England, the poorest of the poor lived in awful slums, some had no choice but to live a life of crime and evil, just to escape their reality. On the other hand, Dr. Jekyll lives in a distinguished and posh neighborhood. This is an allegory for Jekyll’s character, as he is a nice man. However, in Victorian England, many bad things went on behind these closed doors, which is true for Dr. Jekyll. The door in the first chapter is an allegory, as well as all the passageways described, like the one to the laboratory. These passageways and doors are places in-between worlds where most of the events in the novel takes place. The in-between of the worlds is like Dr. Jekyll. He is not a good man, nor is he evil. Jekyll is complex, and struggles with the evil part of his personality. Allegories are abundant in the novel, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. How to cite Allegories in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Papers

The Use of Sound in A Passage to India Essay Example For Students

The Use of Sound in A Passage to India Essay Jingle bells, jingle bells, jingle all the way. As we hear this cheery song, we are instantly transported to the wonderful month of December, imagining everything that it brings. The snow falling, the decorating of the Christmas tree, hot chocolate and time spent as a family. All these memories and feelings of joy were brought up by a simple verse of a well known song. It is the power of sound and music that can instantly transport us to different places, situations and times, whether fantasy or real. Movie directors use this same power to their advantage. The noises, sounds and music used in films have all been carefully selected to create particular feelings and subconscious thoughts in the viewers mind. Yet, how is this achieved? What goes into the making of each sound and musical note in a film? To what point does sound enhance a movie and have an impact on its audience? The purpose of this research paper will be to analyze the effects of sound in the movie A Passage to India and learn the process that goes into creating the score for such a film. The first movie with sound was The Jazz Singer in 1927. At the time, many critics felt that this would ruin movies altogether. However, movies were never actually silent. All movies have always had music in order to create further understanding of the overall plot. In Charlie Chaplins City Lights, an energetic and lively song was used during the fight scene, yet a romantic and gentle song is played whenever he sees the blind woman selling flowers. In both cases, music helped define the events. Despite the film being silent, music was an important component. Critics who believed movies would suffer from adding sound were proved wrong. Now, sound is one of the richest sources of meaning in a film. Sound is divided into three primary sections. The human voice or dialogue, sound effects and music. Each division of sound has its own influence throughout the movie. The purpose of the dialogue is to tell a story. The dialogue will express the feelings and intentions of the characters. The actors playing a role need to portray feelings and emotions through their tone of voice and conversation. It is their job to make their body movements and intonation seem natural, not forced. When this is done correctly, the actor creates a true persona rather than an actor playing a role. The speed at which the actors read the script is also influential and essentially considered for each character. When a character has a slow, soft and stuttering voice, the audience will immediately see the personage as weak or as the underdog. When the person speaks incredibly fast and is very opinionated, the viewers will likely see the person as annoying or perhaps even humorous. In the movie, A Passage to India, Dr. Aziz had a voice filled with energy, happiness and excitement. In part, he came across as an innocent man due to his expression. Incredibly, all these effects were caused simply by the tonality of the human voice. The next part to be considered is that of the sound effects used in film. A Passage to India had the distinct and constant noises of crickets and water whenever there was a moment of tranquility and loneliness. There was also the loud noises of animals and undistinguishable talking at the local markets and towns. In the case of A Passage to India, all the additional noises used were synchronous sounds. In terms of sound, to be synchronous is to have the sound match the actual events occurring in the film. Synchronous sounds are used to create a sense of realism in the film. However, asynchronous sounds also have an important role in filmmaking. Asynchronous noises can be used to show an annoyance or to create suspense. In the case of A Passage to India, the echoing noise in the Marabar Caves is the perfect example. Mrs. Moore and Adela both kept hearing the echo of the caves even after it was no longer there. It was used to show the sickening effects of the caves. How Renaissance Began in India EssayThe most common sound in the movie is of the chirping of crickets at a distance and the slow and steady rhythm of calm water. Being sounds of nature, the viewer remains relaxed and entranced by the simple moments of Indian culture. Yet, whenever there has been a moment of clashing culture between the English and the Indian, a loud western orchestra plays which shows how the British have overtaken Indian land. Despite the English having power over the people of India, the growth of the Indian people is shown throughout the movie by slowly adding more typical noises of their culture. At the beginning of the film, the sounds of the town were covered by the orchestra yet towards the end, the noise that the townspeople are making are too hard to ignore. It is at this time that Dr. Aziz is released and the Indians gain victory in a trial that had a decided fate. Sound, music, noise, echo Each one adds to the overall success of a film. Many times, sound is not given the credit it should be. Sound creates subconscious emotions in a person that cannot otherwise be achieved. It adds to the plot of a movie, many times as an additional character. Other times, it sets up the narrative and develops the storyline. A scary film would not be as effective without sounds adding suspense every step of the way. Just as an action movie wouldnt be successful without the loud noises of explosions and gunshots. Yes, the process of post-production is difficult and painstaking but it is necessary. The director spends a great deal of time deciding what to add and omit because without the special consideration of sound, a film would not be complete. The viewers will not enjoy or maybe even understand the movie without the special effects added by the music. Sound is one of the most essential parts of filmmaking. Bibliography: Passage to India. Film Education. Filmeducation.org, n.d. Web. 3 Oct. 2012.  . Making of A Passage to India. A Passage to India. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Oct. 2012.  . Indian Heritage Music. Indian Heritage Music. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Oct. 2012.  . IMDb. IMDb.com, n.d. Web. 03 Oct. 2012.  . The Art and Technique of Postproduction Sound. The Art and Technique of Postproduction Sound. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Oct. 2012.  . Introduction to Film Sound. Introduction to Film Sound. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Dec. 2012. How to Create Professional Sounding Films. The Importance of Sound in Films. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Dec. 2012.

Evaluation of One of the Writings of Francis Bacon free essay sample

Discussing reading and how to properly do it, he says, â€Å"Read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh to consider. † Whenever reading any kind of material, the words and knowledge should not just be observed. Previous knowledge must be used to consider the reading, think about what it is saying, and then one can decide what to do with the new knowledge. Bacon clearly states that reading, conferencing, and writing will create a better, wiser man. Without one of these key aspects, a person will be unbalanced because all three are necessary to create a well-rounded mind. His closing sentence, which states, â€Å"So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt,† is one to really think about. Bacon’s point here is that everyone has weaknesses of the mind, and we must be constantly fixing and working to improve upon them. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluation of One of the Writings of Francis Bacon or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This very short, yet concise essay of Bacon’s is a prime example of why he is known as the father of the English essay. Analysis The topic of Francis Bacon’s essay â€Å"Of Studies† is to explain the importance of knowledge and its practical uses. His thesis, which is his first sentence, states, â€Å"Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. The following sentences give details on each of these three ideas, and explain why studies serve for these three purposes. The title â€Å"Of Studies† is short and straight to the point about what the essay will include. Looking at the title, it indicates that this will be an informative essay providing advice and information about studies. There are no opening or concluding paragraphs in this essay, or even opening or concluding sentences. Instead it immediately begins with the thesis statements and body paragraphs. The tone of this essay is very formal and informative, with no personal experiences or stories included. He uses logic to make many of his points, often using parallel sentence structure to make his ideas clearer to the reader. The audience of this essay is anyone who is interested in the uses of knowledge, or wants another way of looking at studies to broaden their viewpoint. The implied conclusion to this essay is that studies have a part to our lives, but we must learn to apply them properly. Evaluation Reading this essay from a 21st Century viewpoint changes the evaluation of Francis Bacon’s essay. Written some time after 1597, the writing style and ideas of that age are very different from ours today. Nevertheless, Francis Bacon is still considered one of the best essay writers of all time. This essay, if rewritten in modern day English, would be quite easy to comprehend. It is of course a bit more difficult because of the challenging words and different ways of phrasing things. Bacon does do a good job of making his points clear, especially through parallel sentence structure. Most of his sentences are straight to the point; there are no extra phrases to bring in the reader’s attention. The topic of â€Å"studies† is not a very argumentative one, and with Bacon’s supreme use of logic and clear statements, it’s a very persuasive essay. He does not leave much to be questioned. The essay does, however, lack some interesting details or eye-catching phrases. One will find himself or herself having to read some of the sentences several times before their true meaning sinks in. Written as one big long paragraph, it looks as though there is not much organization to Bacon’s writing. Once one begins to read, its clear how Bacon moves through his topics sentence by sentence with good fluency. There is no climax or final statement; each statement in this essay as important as another.

Definition and Usage of Brackets in Writing

Definition and Usage of Brackets in Writing Brackets  are marks of  punctuation- [ ]- used to interject text within other text. Types of brackets include: brackets (mostly used by Americans): [ ]square brackets (mostly used by the British): [ ]parentheses  (mostly used by Americans): ( )round brackets (mostly used by the British): ( )brace  or  curly brackets: { }angle brackets: You wont need them often, but once in a while, only brackets will do when it comes to quoting material. Brackets can be thought of as the younger siblings of parentheses. Parentheses are used to clarify meaning or to insert supplemental information in all types of writing, but (especially for students) brackets are used mainly for clarification within quoted material. Using Brackets in Quotes You may have seen the expression [sic] used in a quote and wondered what it was all about. You should use this notation if you are quoting a piece of text that contains a typo or grammatical mistake, simply to make it clear that the typo was in the original and it was not your own  mistake. For instance: I agree with her assertion that kids should read a book a weak [sic], but I think playtime is important, too. The [sic] indicates that you realize that weak is the wrong word use, but the mistake appeared in the other persons writing and was not your own. You may also use brackets to make an editorial statement or clarification within a quote. As in: My grandmother always said dream about a [friendly] dog and youll see an old friend soon.The reporter was unsuccessful in his attempt to get a statement from [former] Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld. Another reason to use brackets in quotes is to add a word, prefix, or suffix in order to fit the quote into your sentence. In the statement below, the ing is added so the sentence will flow. I tried to make dish mild enough for everyone, but my idea of add[ing] Cayenne pepper to taste was not the same as my friends idea. You can also use brackets to change the tense of a phrase in a quote so it will fit into your sentence: In Thomas Jeffersons time, there was definitely a notion that A little rebellion now and then [was] a good thing. Using Brackets Within Parentheses It is proper to use brackets to clarify or add to something that is already stated within parentheses. However, its probably a good idea to avoid this. Some very talented writers can get away with it, but teachers  will consider this cumbersome and awkward for the most part. See for yourself: Sally was a rambunctious child, and the family was extremely worried that she would wreak havoc during the festive day (Sally kept quiet during the wedding ceremony [only because she was sleeping], much to her sisters relief). But in the end, the day was a success and a joy to remember. Outside the examples above, if you are ever in doubt whether to use brackets or parentheses, you should choose parentheses.

The Girl before Mirror by Pablo Picasso Research Paper

The Girl before Mirror by Pablo Picasso - Research Paper Example This work is cordially considered in terms of Picasso’s artistic erotic nature. Critiques, nonetheless, in different periods, have relentlessly offered their valuation of this artistic work and came up with an empirically wide range of reactions. This paper, therefore, explains the artistic painting of the Girl before Mirror painting. The young girl adversely recuperating the attention of every artist in the modernity was named Marie-Therese Walter and was painted several times during the 1930s by Picasso. Several versions of this painting by Picasso, in the 1930s, was exhibited because various artistic movements emerged hence there was an ideological advent of competition in this field. The girl before Mirror was painted in Picasso’s cubism period (Gottlieb, 2006). Picasso, as an artist, was competent and adversely recognized with the bold nature of his artwork. The backdrop background of Girl Before Mirror assists in the blending of the subject as per the required uniqueness in the artwork paintings. Picasso uses the backdrop background in his painting to make it intense and bring out clearly the main image’s focal point. Picasso was part of a life changing movement in the idealism era, which would, later on, be known as the modernism. Modernism artistic movement is a name, which liberally included numerous artistic styles as well as aesthetic responses. Modernism was additionally applied retroactively in certain artistic trends and literary epistemological studies at the new era beginning of the 20th Century. The unitarily disjointed sense of time, the endless fight against realism conventions, the complex and full adoption of the modernistic periods were inherently undertaken to provide the epistemologically new meaning of the world systems to the masses. The modernistic artistic view also illuminated the world in a new way and paved way differently in relation to the individualistic observation of the world (Umland & Museum of Modern Art, 2012).

Taxation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Taxation - Research Paper Example Many industrialized countries have been developed the system of health insurances while United States lacks this system. Based on this issue it is evident that the size of public sectors varies considerably from different countries. Comparison of the economies in Russia and United States The economic relationship between Russia and the United States ended a long time, and there are no aspects of mutual destruction (CHERNIAVSKII, and VARTAPETOV 18). However, Russians have remains as the major economic powerhouses, and they have played a major role in the world stage. Russia has an improved culture history, and at times, it has been described as the military agency. However, according to Americans, it has remained an undiscovered country with numerous resources. The economic status of Russia has been in a fluctuation state compared to the United States, based on the Bolshevik revolution although it is interesting to note that differences in geographic population and the military role h ave a major contribution on the entire economic population (McConnell et al. 29). Economic ties between Russia and the United States are important since they provide stability to the broad bilateral relationships among the two countries. Stable political relationships have been developed by economic integration. ... It is evident that several measures have been developed, and they are not less important that the US economic relationships with other developing markets. Government spending as a percentage of GDP Over the past couple of years, it has been noted that trade between Russia and US has developed fast, although it is rated to be on a low level. Since the year 200, the export of US to Russia have increased by an estimated of 22% annually while US imports from Russia have increased to 19% annually. On a basic analysis, it is evident that Russia has contributed to 0.7% of the US exports and 1.3% of imports in the year 2008 (Serguey and Batkibekov 47). The trade between Russia and US has been analyzed through inter-industry trade that accounts for the difference between imported and exported goods, and the intra-industry trade that accounts for similar imports and exports. Considering the different industrial structure and resource bequest of Russia and the US, it is evident that the US-Russ ia trade entails of inter-industry trade (CHERNIAVSKII, and VARTAPETOV 28). It has been noted that the large trade items in inter-industry trade has been accredited to 90% of the improvement of US-Russia trade (Papadimitriou 49). Considering the dominant export and import goods from US, it is evident that the most popular goods from US to Russia include nuclear equipment, vehicles and meat products. However, the largest imports to the US from Russia include mineral fuels, aluminum and inorganic chemicals. The US-Russia economic relations on international perspective gauge whether it has declined through comparison to bilateral relations. This is done, because the US has investments with other countries, such as

The treatment of bulimia with psychoanalysis Research Paper

The treatment of bulimia with psychoanalysis - Research Paper Example ...17 4.1 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....17 References ABSTRACT This paper was based on literature review and it explored many available research papers evaluating the effectiveness of psychodynamic psychotherapy for the treatment of the eating disorder, bulimia. It was found as a result of a thorough review of available relevant material in different authentic research journals, that psychodynamic therapy is quite effective in treating bulimic patients, psychodynamic therapy is not an easy form of therapy and the psychologist attempting psychoanalysis of a bulimic must be well equipped to handle the transference phase effectively. Finally, CBT is a quicker option in treating bulimic adults, but the results of CBT are not temporally stable as compared to those of psychodynamic therapy. There is need of more research to test and compare t he effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy when integrated with CBT for treatment of bulimia. INTRODUCTION This paper attempts to review the effectiveness of psychoanalytic techniques used for successful treatment of the eating disorder, bulimia. Psychoanalysis involves various treatment methods that can be used for treating bulimia. This paper will explore and evaluate different psychoanalytical techniques available for treating bulimia with regard to effectiveness. Relevant literature will be thoroughly searched for any evidence of comparative effectiveness of two or more psychoanalytical treatment methods with patients of bulimia. The literature search will be followed by a discussion and the paper will conclude with a summary of the findings. 1.1 The Psychodynamic Approach to Psychology   The first proper theory of human psychology surfaced in the 1800s. Sigmund Freud is the neurologist and proponent of this theory and school of thought namely the psychodynamic approach. The fo under of this school of thought divides human mind into three components: the conscious, unconscious and pre-conscious (Burger, 2008). The conscious consists of the awareness zone and contains thoughts of which one is aware. The thoughts in the pre conscious mind are not readily available, but can be retrieved easily. The last part, namely the unconscious makes up the major part of human mind and is of great interest to psychoanalysts. According to Freud, thoughts in the unconscious are the key to understanding one’s personality and these can only be brought to the conscious mind in certain extreme situations (Burger, 2008). According to the structural model of personality, psychoanalytical school of thought believes in existence of id, ego and super ego. The id is the psychic representative of drives; ego is the component which deals with the ‘relation’ functions of humans and their environment while the super ego consists of the moral precepts. Other main conce pts of the psychoanalytical school of thought include defense mechanisms that humans use to deal with conflict (Brenner, 1973). Sigmund Freud was the founder of this school of thought but it hasn’t died with his death. There have been many changes and advancements in the theory and therapy of psychodynamics and it is accepted

The World is Flat, by Thomas Friedman

The World is Flat, by Thomas Friedman The World is Flat, by Thomas Friedman, chronicles the influx of a large number of new players on the global economic stage that has created a strong force that is already starting to affect Americans. Friedman believes that these looming changes have the potential to produce both positive and negative results. An example that illustrates the range of Friedmans analysis is his argument about the impact of the dot-com bubble and its eventual bust. He suggests that although the bust was bad for some investors, it turned out to be good in opening up global markets. The overcapacity which produced the bust also produced very low prices for telecommunications, thereby enabling players from smaller economic regions to participate in a game usually reserved for bigger players. Friedman describes several examples of different firms in these regions that have emerged to provide technology services to American business. One example, involving an Indian firm that does basic tax-return work for an American accounting company, reflects his view that although cost advantages are important, the real significance are the competitive proportions and innovations made possible by this new technology. One of the most important acumens of his book is that Americans should get used to the fact that the United States will not long remain the strongest player on the field. From my point of view, the United States have badly needed a good dose of humility, and these global shifts Friedman identifies promise to move us that way. While many passages point toward the advent of a system of global cooperation where no one player claims dominance, many others assume a win-lose scenario, in which Americans will be dominated by the Indians and Chinese if they dont get their act together. Friedman starts one of his chapters with a brief recounting of what happened to Americas previous world dominance in basketball, describing it as a great metaphor for what is happening in the global economy. Instead of grasping the new flatness of the global economic system, he wishes for the glory days when the United States was still head honcho. He writes too often as if the only choice Americans have is to play and win, or to be losers. This propensity is particularly self-evident in his frequent references to the determination of high-stakes competition. There is no time to rest; we have to work harder; the Europeans are delinquent because they value having more holidays. Friedman writes as though this is not an option, but th ere are choices, or there ought to be. If the current system diminishes many of those choices, perhaps we should change the system. Globalization is about efficiency. But as Friedman admits, theres more to it than that. He considers the stresses and downsides in globalization in the chapter titled The Great Sorting Out, but he still seems reluctant to seriously explore the consequences. Friedman seems unwilling to acknowledge that the system is significantly affected by global political structures or the absence thereof. For example, he mentions the need for the United States to develop an energy-independence policy, especially to cope with the expected huge increases in the demand for energy by China and India. But most of this discussion occurs in a chapter on how to jump-start American science and technology education so we can stay competitive. Friedman does a pretty good job of acknowledging globalizations impact on workers. He recognizes that the world is not yet really flat yet because there are still millions of people who are not able to compete in the global market. But he is still reluctant to point at structural problems. Friedman offers an evaluation of how the non-democratic political structures of the Middle East do not include much of the population who live there from the benefits of expansion and improvement. I should think that we need more than hope; The United States needs to develop public policies that have global reach, that make certain that at least the key players are at the global dining table can cooperatively address some of the well-known problems. If the price of these policies produces a loss of efficiency, we should have an honest debate about this trade-off, rather than assuming that efficiency always wins.

Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights Essay -- Emily Bronte Wuthering Heigh

Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights The female writer Emily Bronte wrote the novel 'Wuthering Heights' in 1847. Bronte's father had influenced Emily with his well-known poetry and imagination. Bronte's childhood could have also played a part in writing her novel as she used to live in the moors herself before her mother died. The North Yorkshire moors where 'Wuthering Heights' is set is a bleak, desolate and solitary place. The area was very inaccessible and it would have taken days to get to neighbouring small towns as the only method of transport was by horseback or by horse and cart. As the moor was so remote there was a limited social life and close friendships were only usually between other family members. The women of those times were expected to be married at an early age and also bear children soon after marriage. However, many women died during or soon after childbirth as the medical knowledge was very poor. Death at an early age was also not uncommon. If a mother died then it was normal for an unmarried female relative to look after the children and take the late mother's place in the home. The social classes were separate at the time the novel was set and marriage was usually within a social class. It would have been considered degrading for a rich person to marry someone with little or no inheritance and of a lower class. This class distinction meant servants were treated badly and often had to live separate to the family they worked for, sometimes out with the animals. This class separation was also in place in Santiago, Chile, at the time James Watson wrote 'Talking in Whispers'. Watson's novel was based on real events and some of the characters were meant to reflect real people.... ...next one to be killed and the risk of losing your family. The type of psychological brutality in "Wuthering Heights" is different. The brutality in this novel is more to do with social status than fear. It is apparent when Heathcliff's "father" dies and Hindley makes Heathcliff live as a servant. Hindley could not accept him as an equal he was seen as a "gypsy". This type of verbal insult, a long with when Cathy said, "It would degrade me to marry him", hurts people's minds rather than their body. Yet, "Wuthering Heights" also shows physical brutality such as when Hindley fought with Heathcliff when they were young and when Heathcliff beats his wife. Also, his treatment of Hareton is not very kind. In conclusion, both novels contain brutality but both concentrate on different aspects, and because of the setting, the reasons and effects are different.